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Translated from the French by Philip Auslander. Tàpies’ studio in Barcelona is a pit at the very center of his house, Michel Batlle - In 1946, you made your first collages to include strings, crumpled paper, bits of fabric. . . . How
did you move from the painted canvas to these materialist works? Antoni Tàpies - From the beginning, I wanted to make large collages, partly to provoke, because a very academic
style of painting reigned at the time I started. I had the feeling that making pasted things was anti-academic and a provocation
of the bourgeoisie. M.B. - At that time, were you the only one in Barcelona to think this way? Antoni Tàpies – In 1948, along with a small group of writers and painters, we created the review Dau Al
Set [The Seventh Face of the Die in Catalan—trans.]. The group included Cuixart, Ponç, Tarrats, Joan Brossa.
But I claim the “materialist thing” pretty much for myself alone.
M.B. - Can one say that you were starting from scratch with an anti-painting, a kind of return to primitivism, caves? Antoni Tàpies – There are times when one wants to return to the origins to seek out the most essential things. M.B. - Would art go beyond the image one has of art to become an attitude, an object of knowledge, life itself? Antoni Tàpies - It is all of that at the same time. A wise Hindu once said: ”To have knowledge without ethics
is to be unbalanced.” And, the other way around, to have ethics without knowledge does not work, either. M.B. - For you, art is not something banal or innocent. You wrote [in 1974]: “For me, the smallest sign of life,
a simple graffiti on a wall, if it is justified by a human action, has infinitely more value than all of the paintings in
museums which have lost all connection to our existence.” Antoni Tàpies - It is rather difficult to specify. I would like what I do to be useful to humankind. If there is
no utility, it does not interest me. Art for art's sake is a purely aesthetic thing that I never pursue. When I make a painting,
I think of myself as working for others, and if it becomes beautiful, it is in spite of my intentions. It often does become
beautiful, though I do not know why; it is the last thing I intend to do. I mean, I painted excrements, a man taking care
of his basic needs! Perhaps behind all that there is an intention to show that the things one takes to be ugly are beautiful.
I am above all intuitive, and I never think about all that.
M.B. – A striking feature of your work is its fairly limited repertory of signs. I do not see any that were abandoned
after being there from the beginning; there is nevertheless a constant renewal in your work. Antoni Tàpies - I am conscious of that. I like to have my “sellos,” [Spanish for “stamps”
or “seals”—trans.] my own imprint. I find that helps the spectator. When one sees one of my paintings, one
knows that all of my work lies behind it and one can thus better understand the work down to its signature. Moreover, I find
that if artists mark their work with their signature, it is best that it be there, clearly visible, well presented. M.B. - How do you use these signs and symbols that sometimes seem to have come out of the mists of time? Do they have
a precise significance? Antoni Tàpies - It is a very instinctive thing. I let myself be carried by what is called “taste.” When
I like something, when it represents a certain force within me, I make a sign, I mark this impression. Sometimes I transform
them a lot; some of them take a while to find. I correct, I modify, I insist on finding the precise sign I like. But I never
open a dictionary of signs. To the contrary: I prefer to avoid the known ones. M.B. – What is a painting to you?
Antoni Tàpies – For me, it is an object; it’s always been that way, since the beginning. I belong
to a generation that was told a painting is not a copy of reality. M.B. – Do your choices of colors and materials represent a rejection of a certain reality of the world of today
with its bright colors and its technologies? Antoni Tàpies - I strive to make my colors spiritual. Those of publicity disturb me by their excesses. M.B. – You have said that without shock there cannot be art, therefore art must be disturbing. Antoni Tàpies – This is why I’ve always defended the artistic personality. He must conquer his own vocabulary.
With a language lacking in originality, there can be no shock. M.B. - If the painting is an object, what for you are the displaced things that you reappropriate by integrating them
into your works and which, as in the case of the African statues, are “charged”? Antoni Tàpies - I always wanted to make the painting a magical object that could influence those who look at it,
like a talisman. This was part of what one said before about the art of living. It would be necessary to sacralize all the
small things of daily use and transform them into mysterious objects. So that one could see all the mysteries of the universe
concentrated in a small cup or glass. This is nothing new--all those who painted still-lifes must have thought about it. For
centuries it’s been said that there are objects that are artistic and beautiful. It’s the same in poetry: one
always uses grand poetic words, but it is possible to create another poetry starting from the simplest things. For me, the
great masters of poetry are those of Japanese Haïkus.
M.B. – Are the simplicity and austerity that bathe your works akin to the investigation of the void in the Zen
Buddhist philosophy that influenced certain Western artists, such as the American abstract expressionists? Antoni Tàpies - If you have studied and practiced this, you know it is difficult to speak about these things. The
idea of the void is similar to the idea we Westerners have of the absolute. It is not nothing--it’s a sort of primary
material that constitutes all of nature. M.B. – Isn’t your manner of working close to those of the Buddhist monks who, after lengthy contemplation,
reveal the essence of a landscape in a few gestures of brush and ink? Antoni Tàpies - It is a little like that. It should be said with great modesty, because to compare me with a Zen
monk . . . !!! Before painting, I walk; not in a landscape but in the workshop, for a very long time, because I’ve discovered
that a rhythmic walk in this place excites my imagination greatly. I think that it must be similar to meditation. M.B. – Have you experimented with a practice of meditation? Antoni Tàpies - Never, never. I adore Japan but I detest those practices. I would be too afraid of not being able
to undo it, like the sorcerer's apprentice! In fact, I do not need these things. Perhaps we artists understand ourselves more
easily than do others. I do not need to meditate; my work provides for it, because a painting is an object of meditation that
opens a door and can illuminate you like a religion. It is the same finality, to find a way to salvation, “una via de
salvacion.” M.B. – Does your painting detach itself from time, that is to say, is it ageless, or is it a trace of its time?
Antoni Tàpies - All these things are combined; I like simultaneously to be of my time and to make things that will
last. M.B. - Your fight against the oppression that stifled your country, particularly Catalonia, which was proudly opposed
to Francoism, is well-known; when you paint the four red bars of the Catalan flag, is this a political or aesthetic gesture? Antoni Tàpies - It was one moment of my life, of my career in the sixties and seventies. Once the Catalan flag was
tolerated somewhat, I often used it because we had to do it secretly before. I made four symbolic marks, as in the canvas
you may know where the four red bars form the furrows of a field. Under Franco, we lived through times that killed our way
of expressing ourselves culturally. We needed to do it as artists, but also to educate people so that they could understand
what we were doing. For me, these two things are inseparable. In my case, I was sometimes refused licenses to export paintings
that were homages to Garcia Lorca, or Miguel Hernandez, the Communist poet who died in prison. Freedom, like democracy, is a distant goal one can never reach, an ideal. One must fight for it every day by working and
finding subjects that refer to this fight for freedom, because there is always something to be gained. Michel Batlle is an artist and gallerist of Catalan origin based outside of Toulouse, France. He
is the founder of several journals, including Articide Circuit, established in 1993. http://michelbatlle.free.fr/cv.htm
Antoni Tàpies Michel Batlle – Dès 1946, vous réalisez vos premiers collages où apparaissent des ficelles, des papiers froissés,
des bouts de tissus… Comment êtes vous passé de la toile peinte à ces œuvres matiéristes? Antoni Tàpies – Depuis le début, j’avais envie de faire de gros empâtements, un peu par provocation,
car, au moment où j’ai commencé régnait une peinture très académique. J’avais le sentiment qu’en faisant
des choses empâtées, c’était anti-académique et une provocation pour la bourgeoisie. M.B. – À cette époque, étiez-vous le seul à Barcelona à avoir un tel état d’esprit? Antoni Tàpies – Nous avions créés en 1948, avec un petit groupe d’écrivains et de peintres, la revue
« Dau al set ». Il y avait Cuixart, Ponç, Tarrats, Joan Brossa. Mais la « chose matiériste », je l’attribue un peu à
moi tout seul.
M.B. – Peut-on dire que c’était un départ à zéro, une anti-peinture, une sorte de retour à un primitivisme,
les grottes? Antoni Tàpies – Il y a des moments où l’on a une espèce de nécessité à revenir aux origines ; chercher
les choses les plus essentielles. M.B. – L’art irait au-delà de l’image qu’on a de l’art, ce serait une attitude, un objet
de connaissance, la vie elle-même? Antoni Tàpies – C’est tout cela à la fois. Un sage hindou disait : »Avoir la connaissance sans une éthique,
c’est un déséquilibre ». Et, à l’envers, avoir une éthique sans connaissance est quelque chose qui ne marche pas. M.B. – L’art pour vous n’est pas une chose banale ou innocente, vous avez écrit : « Le moindre graffiti
sur un mur s’il est justifié par un fait humain… » Antoni Tàpies – C’est assez difficile à préciser ; je voudrais, que ce que je fais, soit quelque chose
d’utile pour le genre humain. S’il n’y a aucune utilité, ça ne m’intéresse pas. L’art pour l’art,
c’est une chose purement esthétique que je ne me propose jamais. Quand je fais un tableau, je crois travailler pour
les autres et s’il devient beau, c’est malgré mes intentions ; et souvent il devient beau, je ne sais pas pourquoi,
c’est la dernière chose que je me propose de faire. Pourtant, j’ai peint des excréments, un homme en train de
faire ses besoins! M.B.- Ce qui frappe dans votre œuvre, c’est le répertoire assez limité des signes. Je n’en vois pas,
qui depuis le début, aient été abandonnés ; pourtant il y a dans vos œuvres, un renouvellement constant. Antoni Tàpies – Je suis conscient de cela. J’aime avoir mes « sellos », une empreinte à moi. Je trouve
que ça aide le spectateur. Quand on voit un de mes tableaux, on sait qu’il y a derrière tout mon travail, on peut ainsi
mieux comprendre l’œuvre jusqu’à sa signature. D’ailleurs, je trouve que les artistes qui marquent
l’œuvre de leur signature c’est bien, qu’elle soit là, visible, bien présente. M.B. – Comment utilisez-vous ces signes et symboles qui semblent parfois venir de la nuit des temps, ont-ils une
signification précise? Antoni Tàpies – C’est une chose très instinctive. Je me laisse emporter par ce qu’on nomme le
goût. Quelque chose me plait, lorsqu’elle représente une certaine force en moi, je fais un signe, je marque cette impression.
Quelque fois je les transforme beaucoup, certains d’entre eux sont très recherchés, je corrige, modifie, j’insiste
jusqu’à trouver le signe exact qui me plait. Mais je n’ouvre jamais un dictionnaire de signes, au contraire, lorsqu’ils
sont connus je préfère les éviter. M.B. – En fait c’est quoi le tableau pour vous? Antoni Tàpies – C’est pour moi un objet, ça a été toujours comme ça depuis le début. J’appartiens
à une génération à qui on a dit qu’un tableau n’était pas une copie de la réalité. M.B. – Par le choix de vos couleurs et vos matières, ne refusez-vous pas une certaine réalité du monde d’aujourd’hui
avec ses couleurs éclatantes et ses technologies? Antoni Tàpies – Je m’efforce à ce que mes couleurs soient spirituelles. Celles de la publicité me perturbent
par leurs excès. M.B. – Vous disiez que sans choc il ne peut y avoir d’art, donc l’art doit bouleverser. Antoni Tàpies – C’est pour cela que j’ai toujours défendu la personnalité de l’artiste.
Il doit conquérir son vocabulaire propre. Avec un langage sans originalité, il ne peut y avoir aucun choc. M.B. – Si le tableau est objet, que sont pour vous les choses délaissées que vous vous réappropriez en les intégrant
à vos œuvres et qui, comme des statues africaines sont « chargées » ? Antoni Tàpies – J’ai toujours voulu faire d’un tableau, un objet de magie qui pourrait influencer
ceux qui le regardent, comme un talisman. Cela fait partir de ce que l’on disait auparavant sur l’art de vivre.
Il faudrait sacraliser et transformer en objets mystérieux toutes ces petites choses d’usage quotidien. Qu’on
voit tous les mystères de l’univers concentrés dans une petite tasse, un verre. Ce n’est pas une nouveauté, tous
ceux qui ont fait des natures mortes ont du y penser. Pendant des siècles on a dit qu’il y avait des objets qui étaient
artistiques et beaux. C’est comme dans la poésie, on emploie toujours les grands mots poétiques alors qu’il est
possible de créer une autre poésie à partir des choses les plus simples. Pour moi, les grands maîtres de la poésie sont ceux
des Haïkus japonais. M.B. – Le dépouillement et une certaine austérité qui baignent vos œuvres sont-ils cette recherche du vide
propre à la philosophie du Bouddhisme Zen qui influença certains artistes occidentaux tels les abstraits expressionnistes
américains. Antoni Tàpies – Si vous avez étudié et pratiqué cela, vous savez comme il est difficile de parler de ces choses.
L’idée du vide est une chose similaire à celle que nous occidentaux avons de l’absolu. Ce n’est pas le rien,
c’est une espèce de matière de base qui constitue toute la nature. M.B. – Votre manière de travailler ne serait-elle pas proche de celles de ces moines bouddhistes qui après une
longue contemplation libèrent en quelques gestes avec le pinceau et l’encre, toute la quintessence d’un paysage? Antoni Tàpies – C’est un peu ça. Il faut le dire avec beaucoup de modestie, car me comparer à un moine
zen !!! Avant de peindre, je me promène ; pas dans un paysage mais dans l’atelier, très longtemps, parce que j’ai
constaté qu’une promenade rythmique dans ce lieu excite beaucoup mon imagination. Je pense que ce doit être similaire
à la méditation. M.B. – Avez-vous expérimenté, déjà, une pratique de méditation? Antoni Tàpies – Jamais, jamais. J’adore le Japon mais j’ai horreur de ces pratiques. J’aurais
trop peur de ne pouvoir revenir en arrière, comme l’apprenti sorcier ! En fait, je n’ai pas besoin de ces choses.
Peut-être que nous, artistes, nous nous réalisons plus facilement que les autres. Je n’ai pas besoin de faire une méditation,
mon travail y pourvoit, car un tableau est un objet de méditation qui ouvre la porte et peut vous illuminer comme une religion
; c’est la même finalité, trouver la voie du salut, « una via de salvacion ». M.B. – Votre peinture se détache-t-elle du temps, c'est-à-dire, est-elle sans age, ou alors une trace de son temps? Antoni Tàpies – Toutes ces choses sont mélangées, j’aime à la fois être de mon temps et faire des choses
durables. M.B. – On connaît votre combat contre l’oppression qui a étouffée votre pays et particulièrement la Catalogne
fièrement opposée au franquisme ; lorsque vous peignez les quatre barres rouges du drapeau Catalan, est-ce un geste politique
ou esthétique? Antoni Tàpies - C’était un moment de ma vie, de ma carrière dans les années soixante et soixante dix. On
commençait à tolérer quelque peu le drapeau catalan, je l’ai utilisé souvent car avant nous devions le faire secrètement.
Je faisais quatre barres symboliques, comme dans cette toile que vous connaissez peut-être où les quatre barres rouges forment
les sillons d’un champ. Nous avons passé sous Franco des moments qui tuaient notre façon de nous exprimer culturellement.
Nous devions le faire an tant qu’artistes mais aussi éduquer les gens pour qu’ils comprennent ce que nous faisions.
Pour moi, ces deux choses sont inséparables. En ce qui me concerne, on m’a parfois refusé le permis d’exportation
pour des tableaux qui étaient des hommages à Garcia Lorca, ou Miguel Hernandez, poète communiste mort en prison. Edwards + Johann are Dr. Victoria Edwards, a New Zealand-born artist, and Ina Johann, who emigrated from
Germany to New Zealand. They have worked together in Christchurch, NZ since 2007. Dr. Warren Feeney, Director, Centre
of Contemporary Art, Christchurch, Aotearoa New Zealand commented in 2009:“The work is conceptually rigorous and resolute in its integration of ideas, processes and materials. In particular
the work of both artists gives primacy to the exploration and testing of ideologies about the making of art, in practices
that are grounded in the detail and activities of the environment in which they work, socialize and live.” Tell us a bit about how you came together, since each of you also has an established career on her own? We met in the 90’s in an arts education environment just after Ina and her husband immigrated to New Zealand. We
shared many senior student critique sessions and engaged in collaborative institutional exchange/exhibition projects both
nationally and internationally. We both left teaching around the same time to work full time in our practice. Responding to the isolation artists invariably
feel in studio bound practice; we decided to support each other with discussion and feedback sessions on the work we produced
as individuals. We were also interested to extend our sphere of activity, as we had both previously collaborated with artists,
writers, musicians and poets. What is the relationship between your collaborative works to each of your individual practices?
What do you get from working together that you don’t get from individual projects? Edwards + Johann is a sub brand, related but separate. We also operate as individuals and have done so for many years.
The creative collaborative overlap formed from the aggregate of our individual practices, creates a new energized space of
potential. 1+ 1= 3. Collaborative energy and activity raises interesting questions around sole authorship and the ‘singular
creative genius’. Our collaboration allows us to each work to our strengths and is based on ‘ludic’ play and process. Humor is
an essential aspect of our engagement.
All-inclusive critical discussion is embedded in the development and production of our work together. Cut through is spontaneous
and direct enabling us to compact the work development time and free us to give attention to the per formative, interactivity
and residency aspects of the collaboration. We challenge and inspire each other. Could you say a bit more about the specific imagery and motifs that arise in your collaborative
graphic work, and perhaps a bit more about how two people go about creating graphic works together? Our collaborative practice is like a research laboratory. We do site/subject related research, share experiences, throw
ideas around, and immerse ourselves in the diversity of the material. We assess our visual note taking and start making stuff. These layers of activity and engagement feed into processes like drawing and printmaking. Imagery is drawn from a diverse
range of sources (including our performative activities, found materials and other graphic mark-making from our individual
mark-making repertoires). We both have a background in printmaking from way back, which we believe, for us, translates into
a like minded approach to visual activity. What is the relationship of the performance and installation work to your collaborative work in
other media? Are they all aspects of a single general project or do you use different media to get at different things? Performative activity is one of the methodologies we use to explore, define and activate a site/space. Our interventions
mark it (as a dog spots), record it, engage with it and personalize it. We harness the tension created in and around our body
dynamics and the site as we perform. We bring in other elements (e.g. string/tape/objects) and engage with them so they become
part of the action creating an inter-active drawing in space. In a public performance, these devices draw the audience
in and blur the boundaries between the observer and the observed, work and life. Yes, we agree different media do deliver different things. We fluently work between media and our diverse work processes
feed into each other. It is a fluid process of investigation and always includes drawing in its broadest sense, yet we often
start with performance activities and still photography. The project framework influences the process, but the work directs
its outcome. As a fan and scholar of popular music I find your use of song titles from the 60’s intriguing.
In part because they speak of certain aspects of the work you do together (in part, of the tension of collaboration) but also
in part because of the cultural associations they evoke. Please comment. Our titles can be an eclectic mixing and matching, re-takes, much like dj-ing. References in them allude to the breadth of our research and often touch on a particular aspect of the project. I’d like to ask another question about this. Anyone who knows popular music recognizes these
titles as references to rather iconic figures: Nico, the Velvet Underground (and, by extension, Andy Warhol and Lou Reed),
and Leonard Cohen, as well as the North American music scene of the mid-1960s. What do these cultural evocations mean to you,
or are you primarily attracted to the implications of the phrases themselves? We are aware of all these references. They of course potentially open up another framework and cultural context. In this
particular body of work it’s the implications of the phrases themselves (and their historical reference to forms of
collaborative practice. Since our readers can see your online performance at Château de Padiès please tell us something
about it, its themes, imagery and genesis. It seems closely related to other work you’ve done. Is it a performance you
have done before or is it site specific or portable? What specific meanings did it take on in that specific performance context? The Padiès performance was a unique, site-specific piece and was a culmination of our month long residency at Château Padiès.
It could be viewed as a summing up of the day’s energies and focus. It was a thank you to all present;
homage to Denis Piel and Elaine Merkus for the fantastic time we spent together sharing ideas, intense work related
discussions, rich and elaborate meal times and much laughter. Our materials to construct costuming for the two characters were sourced from local Emmaus outlets and various Vide Greniers
[similar to garage sales or flea markets—ed.] in the area, which we pillaged. The elements for the performance were
all there: the audience, the performers E+J and the installation Notations on a visit: Ghost and Hydrangeas in the attic.
Vintage historic postcards were dealt interventions and gifted to audience participants during the performance. Brushes and
other anthropomorphic objects were crafted from local materials harvested during our residency and became part of the installation.
For example, the materials for the sack characters on the floor in the space we retrieved form the attic, were printed with
the name Lilly Fabre (the second of only three owners of the Château since 1209). This performance facilitated connectivity.
It linked us all in a very human way and gave us all a collective, lived experience. Given that your collaboration is relatively new, where do you see it going?
What projects do you plan to undertake in the near future and what are your aspirations for the work you do together? In 2010 our focus is on international residency and exhibitions opportunities secured to date. We will return to Padies
in May 2010 for an exhibition and continue on to Scotland where we have been invited by the Scottish council to be the International
artists in residence for the month of June. We will also present a workshop and talk about our collaborative work.
New work will be generated from these experiences, which in turn will generate further engagement. After all it is the fundamental
nature of our practice and the potential for engagement is huge. Curiosity and interest in our collaborative work continues to grow. No doubt this will lead to all sorts of opportunities
we cannot imagine at this point in time. Our work raises more questions than it does answers. Edwards + Johann is about being
human and living in this world. We celebrate and explore difference. We engage – expose - connect. |
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